Neuro-Immune Pathways • Dopamine • Vagus–Adrenal Axis
The Vagus–Adrenal Medulla–Dopamine Pathway of Acupuncture
Source: Anti-inflammatory and Immunoregulatory Effects of Acupuncture (PMC8710088)
Full text:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8710088/
1. ST36 and the Vagus–Adrenal Medulla Reflex
Experimental studies have shown that acupuncture at ST36 (Zusanli) can send signals along the vagus nerve to the adrenal medulla, activating a vagal–adrenal medulla reflex. Once this reflex is engaged, the adrenal medulla releases dopamine (DA), which exerts a systemic anti-inflammatory effect, particularly in sepsis models.
In other words, needling ST36 does not only act locally at the leg. Through the vagus nerve and adrenal medulla, it can modulate circulating dopamine and help control excessive inflammatory responses throughout the body.
2. Electroacupuncture at ST36: Dopamine, TNF-α, and Gut Protection
In intestinal ischemia models, 30 minutes of electroacupuncture (EA) at ST36 shows strong potency in protecting the digestive system:
- Plasma dopamine (DA) levels are significantly increased.
- The pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α is markedly reduced.
- Intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction are alleviated.
These effects are mediated mainly via the dopamine D1 receptor (D1-R) pathway in the intestinal tissue, suggesting that DA is not just a neurotransmitter, but also a key immune-modulating molecule in the context of acupuncture.
3. Why Deep ST36 Stimulation Matters: Neuroanatomical Insights
Ma and colleagues further clarified how EA at ST36 drives this anti-inflammatory response through the vagal–adrenal axis by combining physiology and neuroanatomy.
Their key finding: deep, low-intensity stimulation at ST36 is crucial.
- Deep stimulation activates major nerve bundles containing PROKR2ADV-positive fibers, which innervate the deep limb fascia.
- These deep fibers are important for engaging the vagus–adrenal medulla reflex and the downstream dopamine-mediated anti-inflammatory pathway.
- In contrast, superficial ST36 stimulation does not effectively activate this deep fiber network and therefore cannot trigger the same vagal–adrenal anti-inflammatory effect.
The study also showed that:
- High-intensity EA at ST25 or ST36 can evoke spinal sympathetic reflexes.
- These sympathetic responses are independent of PROKR2ADV neurons and represent a different level of autonomic regulation than the vagal–adrenal pathway.
4. Summary (EN)
Taken together, these findings suggest that acupuncture at ST36 can:
- Activate a vagus–adrenal medulla–dopamine pathway.
- Increase circulating dopamine and reduce TNF-α.
- Protect intestinal structure and barrier function during ischemic injury.
- Depend on deep, low-intensity stimulation that engages PROKR2ADV fibers in the deep fascia.
- Trigger different autonomic pathways (vagal vs. sympathetic) depending on needle depth and intensity.
迷走神經.腎上腺髓質.多巴胺通路
針灸啟動的迷走神經-腎上腺髓質-多巴胺通路
出處:Anti-inflammatory and Immunoregulatory Effects of Acupuncture(PMC8710088)
原文連結:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8710088/
一、足三里與迷走神經-腎上腺髓質反射
實驗研究顯示,針刺足三里(ST36)所產生的訊號,可以沿著 迷走神經傳遞到腎上腺髓質,啟動 迷走神經-腎上腺髓質反射(vagal–adrenal medulla reflex)。
當這個反射被啟動時,腎上腺髓質會釋放多巴胺(dopamine, DA), 在敗血症模型中表現出明顯的全身抗發炎作用。
換句話說,足三里並不只是「腿上的一個點」, 它可以透過迷走神經與腎上腺,調節循環中的多巴胺與發炎反應。
二、電針 ST36:提升 DA、降低 TNF-α,保護腸道
在腸道缺血模型中,對ST36 施以 30 分鐘電針(EA), 能夠顯著:
- 提升血漿中的多巴胺(DA)濃度
- 降低TNF-α等發炎細胞激素
- 緩解腸道發炎並改善腸道屏障功能障礙
這些作用主要是透過多巴胺 D1 受體(D1 receptor, D1-R)所介導, 顯示多巴胺在針灸中不只是神經傳導物質,也是一個重要的 免疫調節分子。
三、為什麼「深層足三里刺激」特別重要?——神經解剖的觀點
Ma 等學者結合生理與神經解剖實驗,進一步說明 ST36 電針如何透過 迷走神經-腎上腺軸發揮抗發炎作用。
他們發現:必須採用深層、低強度的足三里刺激, 才能有效啟動這條通路。
- 深層刺激會活化含有PROKR2ADV 陽性纖維的主要神經束, 這些纖維分布在深層肢體筋膜。
- 這些深層神經纖維是啟動迷走神經-腎上腺髓質反射與 下游多巴胺抗發炎機制的關鍵傳入路徑。
- 相對地,單純淺層刺激 ST36並不足以活化這個深層網絡, 因此無法同樣有效地啟動迷走-腎上腺抗發炎效果。
研究同時也指出:
- 對ST25 或 ST36施以高強度電針, 會引發脊髓交感神經反射。
- 這些交感反射並不依賴 PROKR2ADV 神經元, 而是另一種不同層次的自主神經調節機制。
四、小結:從足三里到多巴胺抗發炎
綜合這些結果,我們可以這樣理解足三里與迷走-腎上腺-多巴胺通路:
- 足三里刺激可以啟動迷走神經-腎上腺髓質-多巴胺通路。
- 透過提升循環多巴胺、降低TNF-α, 達到抗發炎與保護腸道的效果。
- 此作用依賴深層、低強度刺激,以活化深筋膜中的 PROKR2ADV 神經纖維。
- 若改用高強度刺激,則可能轉而啟動交感神經反射, 牽涉到不同的自主神經調控路徑。
這條迷走-腎上腺髓質-多巴胺通路,提供了一個具體的神經免疫學框架, 說明針灸如何從一個穴位(如足三里)出發,影響全身的發炎狀態與器官保護。
Leave a comment